



•v>o 



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THE GOLDEN SERIES. 

: 



SADLIERS' 



ELEMENTARY 



EOGRAPHY. 









WITH 


JWJlJPS 


JlJSTJD illustrations 




PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK. 








NEW YORK: 
D. & J. SADLIER & CO., 






31 Barclay Street. 


MONTREAL: 275 Notre Dame Street. 




1880. 



PREFACE. 



IN relation to the composition of this little work, I will only say that the definitions 
are plain and brief, and that I have presented but one idea simply at a time. I have 
adopted the objective method of teaching by presenting to the eye, first, a map, next, some 
general questions thereon, and finally, a few interesting facts. 

In the latter half of the book, the first and last letter, in the answer to the map 
questions, are given, to encourage the pupil by giving him a correct clue to the proper 
word. 

The work has been made attractive by a great variety of appropriate engravings, and 
by a large number of bright, beautiful maps. 

Though the work is simple, it is comprehensive, and contains considerable information 
adapted for the work of primary education. 

With these remarks, it is respectfully presented to parents, teachers, and guardians. 

THE AUTHOR. 

New York, > 

Septe?nber, 1879.) 



Copyright, 1879, by D. & J. SADLIER 



Smith A McDougal, Elkctrotypkes, 
82 Bcekmnn St.. N. V. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

^0> 

THE EARTH, SUN, AND STARS - 5 

POINTS OF COMPASS - - - - - 6 

HINGED HEMISPHERES -- 9 

HEMISPHERES SHOWING THE CONTINENTS 10 

NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND AND WATER 11-13 

MAPS ----- 14 

RACES OF MEN -------- 15 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS ------ 18 

NORTH AMERICA ------- K fi 

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 21 

UNITED STATES - 26 

EASTERN STATES ----- 31 

MIDDLE STATES ------- 35 

SOUTHERN STATES - - 41 

WESTERN STATES ----- 43 

TERRITORIES AND ADJACENT STATES 47 

CANADA ------- 49 

SOUTH AMERICA 53 

EUROPE - 55 

GERMAN EMPIRE ... 59 

IRELAND - - 62 

ASIA --------- 64 

AFRICA 68 

OCEANICA 70 



LIST OF MAPS. 



PAGE 



THE EARTH, SUN, AND STARS 5 

THE EARTH, POLES, AXIS, AND DIAMETER ------ 6 

ILLUSTRATING POINTS OF COMPASS 6 

THE EARTH, ZONES, AND SUN 8 

HINGED HEMISPHERES 9 

SPHERE AND HEMISPHERE 9 

HEMISPHERES SHOWING THE CONTINENTS - 10 

NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND AND WATER - 12-14 

WESTERN HEMISPHERE - - - - - 16 

EASTERN HEMISPHERE 17 

NORTH AMERICA 18 

UNITED STATES 24, 25 

NEW ENGLAND STATES 32 

MIDDLE STATES 34 

NEW YORK AND VICINITY 38 

SOUTHERN STATES 40 

WESTERN STATES 44 

TERRITORIES AND ADJACENT STATES 46 

DOMINION OF CANADA " 50 

SOUTH AMERICA 52 

EUROPE - 57 

GERMAN EMPIRE 60 

IRELAND ----- 62 

ASIA 64 

AFRICA 68 

OCEANICA - 70 



GEOGRAPHY 




LESSON I. 
The Earth. 

1. What is Geography? 

A description of the surface of the 
Earth. 

2. What is the Earth ? 

The Planet or Body on which we 
live. 

3. What else is it sometimes called ? 

The Globe, the World, or the Sphere. 

4. What is the shape of the Earth ? 
It is round like an orange. 



LESSON II. 
The Earth — Continued. 

1. How large is the Earth? 

About 25,000 miles all around it. 

2. Which is the larger, the Earth or the 
Sun? 

The Sun. It is more than a million 
times larger than the Earth. 

3. Why does the Sun appear so small then ? 
Because it is so far off. 

4. What produces day and night ? 

The Earth turns around on its axis 
once in twenty-four hours, and on that 



6 



THE EARTH.— POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 



side which is turned towards the Sun 
there is the light of the Sun, which we 
call day, and on the other side there is 
a darkness, which we call night. 

5. How do we know that the earth is round ? 

First, many have sailed all around it ; 
secondly, when a ship is coming in sight 
we see the tops of the masts first, and last 
of all the hull or body of the vessel. 

North Pole. 




South Pole. 



LESSON III. 
The Earth— Continued. 

1. What is the axis of any thing ? 

It is that on which it turns or may 
turn. Pass a wire through the centre 
of an orange so that the orange may 
turn on it ; the wire is the axis of the 
orange, but the axis of the Earth is not 
a real thing, like the wire in the orange ; 
it is an imaginary line. 

2. What are the ends of the Earth's axis 
called? 

One is called the North Pole, and 
the other is called the South Pole. 



3. What is the circumference of a globe or 
circle ? 

The distance around it. 

4. What is the diameter of a globe or 
circle ? 

The distance through the centre from 
one side to the other. 

5. The circumference of the Earth is 25,000 
miles ; how long is the diameter? 

About 8,000 miles. 



LESSON IV. 
Points of the Compass. 




1. What do we call the line where the Earth 
and the sky seem to meet ? 

The Horizon. 



POINTS OF COMPASS. 



2. What do we call that part of the horizon 


9. Which way is North-West ? 


where the Sun rises ? 


The point half way between North 


The East. 


and West. 


3. What do we call that part of the horizon 


10. At what time of the day do we see the 


where the Sun sets in the evening ? 


Sun in the North ? 


The West. 


We, who live North of the Torrid 


4. Now, if you stand with outstretched arms 


Zone, never see the Sun North of us. 


with your right hand pointing to the East, and 


11. Are there any people in the world who 


the left to the West, where will the North be ? 


never see the Sun South of them ? 


In front of me. 






Yes ; those who live in the South 


5. And where will the Southern part of the 


Temperate Zone never see the Sun 


horizon be ? 


South of them. 


Behind me. 






12. Where do we see the Sun about 


6. Which way is the North-East? 


9 o'clock A. M. ? 


The point half way between North 


In the South-East. 


and East. 






13. Where do we see the Sun about 


7. Which way is South-East ? 


3 o'clock P. M. ? 


The point half way between South 


In the South-West. 


and East. 






Now close your book ; stand up, and 


8. Which way is South-West ? 


point to the North, to the South, to the 


The point half way between South 


East, to the West, to the N.-E., S.-E., S.-W., 


and West. 


N.-W. 




ZONES. 



North Frigid Zo ne 




S °u*h Frigid Zone- 
THE ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF THE DIFFERENT ZONES. 



LESSON V. 
Zones. 

i. What are Zones? 

Divisions of the Earth's surface made 
by the Tropics and Polar Circles. 

2. How many Zones are there ? 
Five. 

3. Which are they? 

One Torrid Zone, two Temperate 
Zones, and two Frigid Zones. 

4. Point out the different Zones on the 
above map. 



5. What is the 
meaning of the word 
Torrid ? 

Hot or burning. 



6. What is the meaning of 
the word Temperate when ap- 
plied to Zones? 

Mild, neither too hot nor too cold. 

7. What is the meaning of the word Frigid? 

Cold. 

8. How wide is the Torrid Zone? 
Forty-seven degrees wide. 

9. How wide are the Temperate Zones ? 
Forty -three degrees each. 

10. How wide are the Frigid Zones ? 
Twenty-three and a half degrees each. 

11. What animals and plants do you see in 
each Zone ? In which Zone do you live ? 



HEMISPHERES. 



9 



HINGED HEMISPHERES. 




A WOODEN GLOBE CUT IN TWO.— Joined by a hinge, with ihe curved surface turned towards us, such 
as this, will be found very useful in explaining the Hemispheres to young children. 



iCVAO-f^ 



LESSON VI. 
Sphere and Hemispheres. 

The first lessons in Geography should be 
illustrated by a Globe, because it is the best 
representation of the form of the Earth, but 
on it we can see only one-half of the Earth's 
surface at once. If we wish 
to see the whole of it at 
one time, we must divide the 
Globe into two equal parts 
— called hemispheres— with 
their curved sides towards 
us. 

i. What is a Sphere or 
Globe ? 

A body, either solid or a globe or sphere. 



hollow, every part of the surface of 
which is equally distant from a point 
within, called the center. 

2. What is a Hemisphere ? Half a Sphere ? 




HEMISPHERES. 



io 



HEMISPHERES, 



WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 



EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 




LESSON VII. 
Hemispheres. 

1. What grand divisions of the Globe on 
the Eastern Hemisphere? 

Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

2. What grand divisions on the Western 
Hemisphere? 

North America and South America. 

3. What are North and South America 
called when taken together? 

The Western Continent. 

4. What are Europe, Asia, and Africa called 
when taken together ? 

The Eastern Continent. 

5. Which Continent is the larger? 

The Eastern is about twice as large 
as the Western. 



6. In what part of the Eastern Hemisphere 
is Asia ? 

In the North-Eastern part. 

7. In what part is Europe ? 

In the North-Western part. 

8. In what part is Africa? 

In the South-Western part. 



LESSON VIII. 
Hemispheres — Continued. 

1. In what part of the Western Hemisphere 
is North America? 

In the Northern part. 

2. In what part of the Western Hemisphere 
is South America ? 

In the Southern part. 



HEMISPHERES.— NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND. 



11 



3. In what part of the Eastern Hemisphere 


LESSON IX. 


is Australia ? 

In the South-Eastern part. 


Natural Divisions of Land. 


4. In what direction is Africa from Asia ? 
South-West. 


1. How is the surface of the Earth divided? 
Into Land and Water. 


5. In what direction from Africa is Europe? 


2. How much of the Earth's surface is 
Land ? 


North. 


About one-fourth. 


6. In what direction from Africa is Aus- 
tralia ? 


3. How much of it is Water ? 


South-East. 


About three-fourths. 


7. In what direction from Europe is North 


4. How is the Land divided ? 


America ? 


Into Continents, Islands, Peninsulas, 


West. 


Isthmuses, Capes, Promontories, Moun- 


8. In what direction from Europe is South 


tains, Shores, etc. 


America ? 

South-West. 

9. In what direction from North America is 


5. What is a Continent? 

A very large division of land. 


Europe ? 


6. How many Continents are there? 


East. 


Two. 


10. What Ocean East of America and West 
of Europe and Africa ? 


7. Name them. 


Atlantic. 


The Eastern and the Western. 


11. What Ocean West of America and East 


8. What are the divisions of the Eastern 


of Asia ? 


Continent ? 


Pacific. 

12. What Ocean South of Asia? 
Indian. 

13. What Ocean surrounds the North Pole? 
Arctic. 


Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

9. What are the divisions of the Western 


Continent ? 

North America and South America. 


14. What Ocean surrounds the South Pole ? 


10. What large Island South-east of Asia ? 


Antarctic. 


Australia. 



12 



NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND 



i Sea. 2 Shore. 
10 Peninsula. 







3 Lake. 4 Sound. 5 Bay. 6 Rivers. 7 Strait. 8 Source of River. 9 Island. 
11 Isthmus. 12 Promontory. 13 Mountains. 14 Cape. 15 Inlet. 16 Hill. 



LESSON X. 
Natural Divisions of Land. 

Continued. 

1. What is an Island? 

A portion of land entirely surrounded 
by water. 

2. What is a Peninsula? 

A portion of land nearly surrounded 
by water. 

3. What is an Isthmus ? 

A narrow neck of land joining two 
larger bodies of land. 

4. What is a Cape ? 

A point of land projecting into the 
water. 

5. What is a Prom'ontory? 
A high cape. 



LESSON XI. 
Natural Divisions of Land. 

Continued. 

1. What is a mountain ? 

An elevation of land 2,000 feet high, 
or upwards. 

2. What are Hills ? 

Elevations of land less than 2,000 
feet high. 

3. What is a Volcano ? 
A burning mountain. 

4. What is the opening on the top of the 
Volcano called? 

A Crater. 

5. During an eruption, what are thrown up 
through the Crater? 

Fire, smoke, ashes, and melted mat- 
ter, called Lava. 



NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND.— NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. 



13 



5. How many Volcanoes are there ? 


9. What are Salt Lakes sometimes called ? 


About four hundred. 


Seas. 


6. What do they prove ? 


10. What is a Gulf or Bay? 


That the interior of the Earth is a 


A portion of the Sea or Ocean ex- 


mass of fire. 


tending into the land. 


7. What is a Desert? 




A vast sandy plain without vegeta- 




tion. l _ tcl 


LESSON XIII. 




LESSON XII. 


Natural Divisions of Water. 


Natural Divisions of Water. 


Continued. 


1. What are the Natural Divisions of 
Water ? 


1. What is a Strait? 

A narrow passage which connects 


Oceans, Seas, Lakes, Gulfs, Bays, 


two larger bodies of water. 


Straits, Sounds, Rivers, etc. 


2. What is a Sound ? 


2. What is an Ocean ? 


A shallow Strait. 


It is one of the largest bodies of 


3. What is a River? 


Water. 


A large stream of fresh water flow- 


3. Is it salt or fresh ? 


ing through the land. 


Salt. 

4. How many Oceans are there ? 
Five. 

5. Name them ? 

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and 


4. What are small Streams called? 
Brooks, Rivulets, Creeks, etc. 

5. What is a Cascade or Waterfall ? 
Water flowing over a precipice. 


Antarctic. 


6. What is that part of a River called where 


6. Which is the largest ? 
Pacific. 


it rises, or commences ? 
Its source or head. 


7. What is a Sea ? 


7. What is that part called where it emp- 


A large body of salt water, but not 
so large as an Ocean. 


ties? 

Its mouth. 


8. What is a Lake ? 


8. Are there any Rivers in the Ocean ? 


A body of fresh water almost sur- 


No ; but there are immense currents, 


rounded by land. 


or streams, such as the Gulf Stream. 



14 



MA PS. 




LESSON XIV. 
Maps. 

1. What is a Map? 

A picture or representation of a part, 
or of the whole, of the Earth's surface, 
on a plane. 

2. Which way is North on a Map ? 
Towards the top or upper part. 

3. In what direction is South ? 
Towards the bottom of the Map. 

4. Which way is East on a Map ? 
The right hand side. 



5. Which way is West ? 
The left hand side. 

6. Which way is North-East on a Map ? 

The point half way between North 
and East. 

7. Which way is North-West ? 

The direction half way between 
North and West. 

8. Which way is South-West ? 

9. Which way is South-East ? 

10. Point out on the Map, the Cape, Island. 
Mountains; Peninsulas, Gulf, Bay, Sea, Strait, 
Channel, and River. 



RACES OF MEN. 



15 




LESSON XIV. 
Races of Men. 

i. How many different Races of Men upon 
the Earth ? 

Five. 

2. Which are they ? 

The Caucasian, Mongolian, Negro, 
the Malay, and the Indian. 

3. How many people on the whole Earth ? 
About 1400 million. 



4. How many of each Race are there ? 
600 million Caucasians, 
550 million Mongolians, 
180 million Africans, 
60 million Malays, 
10 million Indians 



1400 million people on the whole 
Earth. 



16 



HEMISPHERES. 



WESTERN HEMISPHERE 




i. Point to the North Pole. 

2. To the South Pole. 

3. Point to the Equator. 

4. Which is nearer the Equator, the North 
Pole or the South Pole ? 



5. What do the figures at the Equator 
denote? 

Longitude. 

6. What is Longitude ? 

Distance East or West from any 
established Meridian. 



HEMISPHERES. 



17 



EASTERN HEMISPHERE 




i. What do the figures at the side of the 

Hemispheres denote ? 

Latitude. 
2. What is Latitude ? 

Distance North or South from the 
Equator. 



3. In what Latitude are all places North of 
the Equator? 

In North Latitude. 

4. In what Latitude are all places South of 
the Equator? 

In South Latitude. 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS.— NORTH AMERICA. 



19 



LESSON XV. 


2. What Ocean on the East? 


Political Divisions. 


The Atlantic. 


i. What are the Political Divisions of the 


3. What Gulf on the South ? 


Earth ? 


The Gulf of Mexico. 


Empires, Kingdoms, 


4. What Ocean on the West? 


Republics, States, etc. 


The Pacific. 


2. What is an Empire? 

A country governed by an Emperor. 


5. What are the Divisions of North Amer- 
ica? 


3. What is a Kingdom ? 


Greenland, British America, United 


A country governed by a King or 


States, Mexico, and Central America. 


Queen. 


6. What Island East of Greenland ? 


4. What is a Republic ? 


Iceland. 


A country whose laws are made by 
men elected by the people. 


7. What Islands South-East of North 
America ? 


5. What is the City called where laws are 


The West India Islands. 


made ? 


8. What Island East of British America ? 


The Capital. 


Newfoundland. 


6. What is the building called where the 




law-makers assemble ? 
The Capitol. 




LESSON XVII. 


7. What is the largest City of a State or 
Country called ? 


North America— Continued. 


The Metropolis. 


1. What Isthmus joins North America and 




South America ? 

rni T a 1 C T'V • 




The Isthmus of Danen. 


LESSON XVI. 


2. What Mountains extend through the 
Western part of North America ? 


North America. 


The Rocky Mountains. 


1. What Ocean bounds North America on 


3. What Mountains in the Eastern part of 


the North ? 


North America ? 


The Arctic. 


The Alleghany Mountains. 



20 



NORTH AMERICA.— ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 



4. What large Bay in British America? 
Hudson's Bay. 

5. What Sea between the West Indies and South 
America ? 

The Caribbean Sea. 

6. What three large Rivers in North America? 
The Mackenzie, the Mississippi, and the 

Columbia. 

7. What large River flows South-East and emp- 
ties into the Mississippi ? 

The Missouri River. 



LESSON XVIII. 
North America — Continued. 
1. For what is North America noted. 
For its great Lakes, large Rivers, exten- 
sive Plains, and lofty Mountains. 





ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 



NORTH AMERICA. 



21 




PINTA. SANTA MARIA. NINA. 

The Three Ships which Columbus led across the Atlantic on his first Voyage of Discovery. 



2. What can you say of its Climate ? 

It is cold in the Northern regions, 
temperate in the Central portion, and 
warm in the Southern parts. 

3. Is the whole of North America fit for 
cultivation ? 

No ; nearly all the Northern part, 
over 2,000 miles from the North Pole, 
is an extremely cold and dreary waste. 

4. How many different races are there in 
North America ? 

Four, viz. : Whites, Negroes, Indians, 
and Mongolians. (The Esquimaux in 
Greenland.) 

5. To whom does Greenland and Iceland 
belong? 

To Denmark. 

6. What are the inhabitants of Denmark 
called ? 

Danes. 



7. To whom does British America belong ? 
To Great Britain. 



LESSON XIX. 
Discovery of America. 

{To be Read.) 

i. By whom was America discovered? 

By Christopher Columbus, the great 
Catholic navigator, in 1492. 

2. What can you say of the discovery and 
early explorations of America. 

" They were Catholic enterprises, 
undertaken by Catholics, with Catho- 
lic motives, and carried out by Cath- 
olic cooperation." It could not be 
otherwise, because at this time there 
were no Protestants. 



22 



NORTH AMERICA. 



3. Who aided Columbus to fit up an explor- 
ing expedition ? 

At the request of one of his best 
friends, a Dominican Priest, named 
Juan Perez, Isabella, "The Catholic," 
finally said : "I will pawn my jewels 
to defray the expenses of the voyage 
if there is not money enough in the 
treasury." 

4. What else can you say of Queen Isa- 
bella? 

" She is one of the purest and most 
beautiful characters in the pages of 
history." 

5. What excellent action was performed by 
the crews before they sailed ? 

The three crews, numbering 120 men, 
received Holy Communion in a tem- 
porary chapel erected on the shore. 

6. What remarkable clause was inserted in 
the agreement which Columbus made with 
Ferdinand and Isabella ? 

That the profits arising from his 
discoveries should be used to ransom 
the sacred sepulchre of our Lord from 
the Mahometans. 

7. What other motive prompted Columbus 
in his undertaking ? 

He expected to discover a short and 
safe route to the East Indies. 



LESSON XX. 
Discovery of America — Continued. 

{To be Read.) 

1. Give an account of the landing of Co- 
lumbus. 

" On the 12th of October, 1492, Co- 
lumbus and his companions landed on 
the island which they called San Sal- 
vador. Three boats conveyed them to 
the shore ; over each boat floated a 
broad banner with * a green cross.' 
On reaching the land, Columbus threw 
himself on his knees, kissed the earth, and 
shed tears of joy. 

" A cross was at once erected, and 
prostrating themselves before it, they 
returned solemn thanks to God for hav- 
ing conducted their voyage to so happy 
an issue. 

" On landing they found the country 
inhabited by a dark, copper-color race 
without beards, whom Columbus called 
Indians, because he thought that he 
had discovered India." 

2. What did the natives suppose the Span- 
iards to be ? 

They were much surprised at the 
Spaniards, whom they regarded as the 
children of the sun, their idol ; they 
supposed the ships were species of ani- 
mals, with eyes of lightning and voices 
of thunder. 



NORTH AMERICA, 



23 



3. Where are the remains of Columbus ? 


LESSON XXII. 


He and his son Diego are both in- 
terred in the Cathedral of St. Chris- 
topher in Havana, the capital of Cuba. 


Questions on the Map of the United 
States — Continued. 




1. What is the Capital of the United 




States ? 




Washington, on the Potomac River. 


LESSON XXI. 


2. Which State is furthest North-East ? 


Questions on the Map of the United 


Maine. 


States. {See nextfage.) 


3. Which is furthest South? 


I. Where are the United States? 


Florida. 


In the central part of North America. 


4. What States border on the Pacific 


2. How many States and Territories are 


Ocean ? 


there ? 


California and Oregon. 


There are thirty-eight States, ten 


5. What Country North of the United 


Territories, and the District of Co- 


States ? 


lumbia. 


British America. 


3. How many Eastern States are there ? 


6. What Ocean East ? 


Six. 


The Atlantic. 


4. How many Middle States ? 


7. What Gulf South ? 


Four. 


The Gulf of Mexico. 


5. How many Southern States are there ? 


8. What Ocean West ? 


Eleven. 


The Pacific Ocean. 


6. How many Western States are there ? 


9. What is an Ocean ? 


Seventeen. 


10. What River separates Mexico from 
Texas ? 


7. Which is the largest State ? 


Rio Grande. 


Texas. 


11. What River flows into the Gulf of Cali- 


8. Which is the smallest? 


fornia ? 


Rhode Island. 


Colorado River. 




nd. 



26 



NORTH AMERICA. 



LESSON XXIII. 


LESSON XXIV. 


Questions on the Map of the United 


Questions on the Map of the United 


States — Continued. 


States — Continued. 


i. What River between Washington Terri- 
tory and Oregon, and flowing West into the 
Pacific Ocean ? 

The Columbia River. 

2. What large River rises in the Rocky 
Mountains and flows South-East into the 


1. What is a Lake? 

2. What large Lakes between the United 
States and British America ? 

Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake 
Erie, and Lake Ontario. 


Mississippi ? 
The Missouri. 

3. What large River flows South into the 
Gulf of Mexico? ' 

The Mississippi. 

4. What two other Rivers flow South-East 


3. What large Lake between Wisconsin and 
Michigan ? 

Lake Michigan. 

4. What large River flowing North-East is 
the outlet of these Lakes ? 

The River St. Lawrence. 


into the Mississippi? 


5. What Cape East of North Carolina ? 


The Arkansas and the Red River. 


Cape Hatteras. 


5. What two large Rivers flow South- West 
and empty into the Mississippi? 

The Ohio and the Tennessee. 


6. What is a Cape ? 

7. In what direction does the Eastern Coast 
of the United States extend ? 


6. What three States North of the Ohio 
River? 


North-East and South-West ? 


Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 


8. In what direction does the Coast of 
California extend ? 


7. What two States South of the Ohio ? 


South-East and North- West. 


Kentucky and West Virginia. 


9. What is a Coast ? 




WASHINGTON, CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 

LESSON XXV. 
STATES, TERRITORIES, AND CAPITALS. 

On the Map of United States point to each State and Territory, and also to the Capi- 
tal of each. 

CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 

WASHINGTON On the Potomac River. 

EASTERN or NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

States. Capitals. Situation. 

Maine Augusta On the Kennebec River. 

New Hampshire Concord On the Merrimac. 

Vermont Montpelier On the Onion. 

Massachusetts Boston On Massachusetts Bay. 

C Providence On Providence Bay. 

Rhode Island * \ 

( Nezvport On the Island of Rhode Island. 

Connecticut Hartford On the Connecticut. 



The Legislature meets in Providence in winter, and in Newport in summer. 



28 STATES, TERRITORIES, AND CAPITALS. 

LESSON XXVI. 
MIDDLE STATES. 

States. Capitals. Situation. 

New York Albany On the Hudson River. 

New Jersey Trenton On the Delaware. 

Pennsylvania Harrisburg On the Susquehanna. 

Delaware Dover On Jones' Creek. 

«{0)s. _ 

LESSON XXVII. 

WESTERN STATES. 

States. Capitals. Situation. 

Arkansas Little Rock On the Arkansas River. 

Tennessee Nashville On the Cumberland. 

Kentucky *. . ■ Frankfort On the Kentucky. 

Ohio Columbus On the Sciota. 

Michigan Lansing On the Grand. 

Indiana Indianapolis On the West Fork of White R. 

Illinois Springfield Near the Sangamon. 

Wisconsin Madison On the Fourth Lake. 

Iowa Des Moines On the Des Moines. 

Missouri Jefferson City On the Missouri. 

California Sacramento On the Sacramento. 

Minnesota St. Paul On the Mississippi. 

Oregon Salem On the Willamette. 

Kansas Topeka On the Kansas. 

Nevada Carson City On the Carson. 

Nebraska Lincoln On Salt Creek. 

Colorado Denver On the South Platte. 



STATES, TERRITORIES, AND CAPITALS. 29 



LESSON XXVIII. 

SOUTHERN STATES. 

States. Capitals. Situation. 

Maryland Annapolis On the Severn River. 

Virginia Richmond On the James. 

(n"orth Carolina Raleigh Near the Neuse. 

South Carolina Columbia On the Congaree. 

Georgia . . .Atlanta Near the Chattahoochee. 

Florida Tallahassee Inland. 

Alabama Montgomery On the Alabama. 

Mississippi Jackson On the Pearl. 

Louisiana New Orleans On the Mississippi. 

Texas Austin On the Colorado. 

West Virginia Wheeling On the Ohio. 

«(»> 

LESSON XXIX. 

TERRITORIES. 

Territories. Capitals. Situation. 

Dakota Yankton On the Missouri River. 

Indian Tahlequah 

» Montana Helena Near Missouri. 

Wyoming Cheyenne On Crow Creek. 

New Mexico Santa Fe Near the Rio Grande. 

Idaho Boise* City On Boise. 

Utah Salt Lake City Near Great Salt Lake. 

Arizona Tucson On Santa Cruz. 

Alaska : Sitka On Baronoff Island. 

Washington Olympia On Puget's Sound. 



Note. — The governor of a State is elected by the people ; the governor of a Territory is appointed 
by the President. 



30 



FORM OF GOVERNMENT.— DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON XXX. 

Form of Government. 

1. What form of Government have we in 
the United States ? 

A Republican form of Government. 

2. Who is the highest officer in the United 
States ? 

The President. 

3. What is his duty? 

To enforce the laws made by Con- 
gress at Washington. 

4. What form of Government have we in 
each State ? 

A Republican form of Government 
also. 

5. Who is the highest officer in a State ? 
The Governor. 

6. What is his duty ? 

To enforce the laws made at the 
Capital of the State by the State Leg- 
islature. 

7. Who is the highest officer in a city ? 

The Mayor, whose duty it is to en- 
force the laws made by the Common 
Council. 

8. What is the Supreme or highest law of 
the land which all must obey? 

The Constitution of the United 
States. 



LESSON XXXI. 
Description of the United States. 

1. What can you say of the United States? 

It is the finest country in the whole 
world. 

2. In what respect? 

The climate is temperate, the land is 
fertile, minerals are abundant, Religion 
is free, the Press is free, knowledge is 
within the reach of all, and the highest 
office may be filled by the poorest bov 
born in the Country. 

3. What is the extent of the United States? 

It contains three and a half millions 
of square miles. 

4. tiow does it compare in size with Eu- 
rope? 

It is nearly as large as the whole of 
Europe, which contains only three and 
four-fifth millions of square miles. 

5. Which is the most populous city in the 
United States? 

New York. 

6. Which are next in size in regard to pop- 
ulation ? 

Philadelphia is second ; Brooklyn, 
third ; St. Louis, fourth ; Chicago, 
fifth ; Baltimore, sixth ; and Boston, 
seventh. 



NEW ENGLAND STATES. 



31 




VIEW IN BETHLEHEM, WHITE MOUNTAINS, N. H. 



LESSON XXXII. 
New England States. 

i. Who first gave New England its name ? 

Captain John Smith, in the year 
1614. 

2. Where is Bunker Hill Monument? 

Near the city of Boston, in Charles- 
town, on Breed's hill where a fierce 
struggle took place between the Amer- 
ican troops and the English soldiers 
at the commencement of the Revolu- 
tionary war. 



LESSON XXXIII. 

New England States— Continued. 
1. Where are the New England States? 
In the north-eastern part of the 



U. S. 



2. When was the first settlement made in 
New England ? 

In Dec. 22, 1620, by the Pilgrims 
at Plymouth. 

3. What can you say of the climate? 

It is colder in winter than in other 
parts of the U. S. 

4. What can you say of the occupation of 
the people ? 

The soil is not well adapted for 
farming, therefore the inhabitants are 
engaged chiefly in fishing, commerce, 
and manufactures. 

5. For what are they remarkable ? 

For industry, enterprise, and for their 
excellent schools. Many of them have 
emigrated to the western states, and 
their former homesteads are now owned 
by Irish farmers. 



NEW ENGLAND STATES. 



33 




OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON. 



LESSON XXXIV. 
New England States. 

General Questions. -Which is the largest 
of the New England States ? Me. — Which is 
the smallest ? R. Id. — What state South- 
west of Maine ? N. He. — What state west 
of New Hampshire ? Vt. — What state south 
of Vermont and N. Hampshire ? Ms. — What 
two states south of Mass. ? Ct. and R. Id. 
— How many New England states are there ? 



LESSON XXXV. 

Bodies of Water, etc.— What ocean south 
and east of the New England States ? Ac. — 



What two rivers in Maine ? Pt. and Kc. — 
What river flows between Vermont and N. 
Hampshire? Ct. — Through what two states 
does it flow? Ms. and Ct. — Into what sound 
does it flow ? L. Id. Sound. — What is a 
sound? — What bay east of Massachusetts? 
Ms. By. — What two capes at the entrance 
to Mass. Bay? Ce. An. and Ce. Cd.— What 
is a cape? — What is a high cape called? — 
What province and ocean east of Maine ? 
Nw. Bk. and Ac. — What dominion west of 
Maine ? Dominion of Canada. — What moun- 
tain in Vermont ? Gn. — What mountains 
in New Hampshire ? We. — Towards what 
ocean does the land of New England slope ? 
Ac. 




Longitude West 



MIDDLE STATES. 



38 




NIAGARA FALLS. 



LESSON XXXVI. 

Middle States. 

General Questions.— What state north of 
Pennsylvania ? N. Yk. — What state east of 
Penn. ? N. Jy. — What three states south of 
Penn.? De., Md., and Wt. Va.— What state 
west of Penn. ? Oo. — What three states east 
of New York ? Vt., Ms., Ct— To what state 
does Long Island belong ? N. Yk. — What is 
New York State sometimes called? The 
Empire State. — What is Penn. sometimes 
called ? The Key-Stone State.— Which is the 
smallest of the Middle States ? De. 



LESSON XXXVII. 

Bodies of Water, etc. — What two lakes 
west and north-west of N. Y. ? Ee., and Oa. 
— What falls between these two lakes ? Na. 
— What river is the outlet of these lakes ? 
St. Le. — W T hat river in the eastern part of 
N. Y. ? Hn. — What river between N.J. and 
Delaware ? De. — What river flows through 
Penn. ? Sa. — What two large bays east of 
Delaware and Virginia ? De. and Ce. — What 
river between Maryland and Virginia? Pc. — 
What lake between New York and Vermont ? 
Cn. 



36 



MIDDLE STATES. 




WEST POINT ON THE HUDSON. 



LESSON XXXVIII. 
Middle States. 

i. Why are these states called the Middle 
States ? 

When there were only the thirteen 
original states in the Union, these four, 
N. Y., N. J., Penn., and Del., being in 
the middle of them, were called the 
Middle States, and they have been so 
called since. 

2. Which are the principal of the Middle 
States ? 

New York and Pennsylvania. 

3. By whom was N. Y. settled ? 
By the Dutch in 1614. 



4. What can you say of the State of N. Y. ? 

It is the richest and most populous 
state in the Union. 

5. When was Pennsylvania settled? 

In 1682, by the Quakers under Wm. 
Penn. 



LESSON XXXIX. 

Middle States— Continued. 

1. What can you say of Pennsylvania? 

It possesses immense quantities of 
coal, iron, and petroleum. 

2. What can you say of Philadelphia? 

It is the largest manufacturing city 
in the U. S., and the second city in 
size and population. 



MIDDLE ST A TES. 



37 




VIEW OF NEW YORK CITY. 

3. What can you say of Independence Hall 
in Philadelphia? 

Historically, Independence Hall is 
the most interesting building in the 
United States. 



4. What interesting events are connected 
with it ? 

The Declaration of Independence 
was adopted there on the 4th of July, 
1776, and was proclaimed from the 
steps on the same day. 



5. What else can you say of Independence 
Hall? 

Congress met in Independence Hall 
for nearly ten years. 



6. Name the cities that have been the re- 
spective capitals of the U. States. 

New York city, first, was the capi- 
tal for one year ; Philadelphia, for ten 
years ; and Washington City, since the 
year 1800. 



MIDDLE STATES. 



39 



LESSON XL. 


LESSON XLI. 


New York City and Vicinity. 


New York City and Vicinity. 


i. In what direction is New York city the 


Continued. 


longer? 


1. What three islands in New York Bay? 


From north to south. 


Ellis', Bedloe's, and Governor's. 


2. What two rivers bound the city on the 


2. Which is the largest and furthest east? 


east ? 


Governor's Island. 


The Bronx River and the East 




River. 


3. In what direction from N. Y. city is 
Brooklyn ? 


3. What river on the west ? 


South. 


The Hudson River. 


4. In what direction from N. Y. City is 


4. Into what does the Bronx River empty? 


Jersey City ? 


Into Long" Island Sound. 


West. 


5. Into what body of water does the Hud- 


5. In what direction from Jersey City is 


son River empty ? 


Newark ? 


Into New York Bay. 


West. 


6. What strait south of N. Y. bay? 


6. What islands in the East River ? 


The Narrows. 


Ward's, Randall's, and Blackwell's. 


7. What forts on the west side of the 


7. What villages in the City of N. Y. beyond 


Narrows ? 


the Harlem River? 


Fort Tompkins and Fort Richmond. 


Mott Haven, Morrisania, Tremont, 



8. What fort on the east side ? 
Fort Hamilton. 

9. What large beautiful park in the centre 
of New York city ? 

Central Park. 

10. What large island south-west of New 
York Bay ? 

Staten Island. 



Fordham, and Williams Bridge. 

8. What is the length of the city ? 

Sixteen miles ; and its area 41 \ square 
miles. 

9. What is the population ? 

In the year 1875 it was one million 
forty-six thousand. It is the most pop- 
ulous city in America. 



SOUTHERN STATES. 



41 





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SOUTHERN STATES. 




CITY OF CHARLESTON. 



5. Was the Capitol at Washington ever 
burned ? 

Yes. This act of vandalism was per- 
formed by the British under Lord Ross, 
in the War of 1812. 



LESSON XLV. 
Southern States — Continued. 

1. By whom was Maryland founded? 

By Lord Baltimore with two hun- 
dred English Catholics, accompanied 
by two Jesuits. 

2. What induced him to make this settle- 
ment? 

He founded this colony as an asylum 
for persecuted Catholics. 



3. By whom were the laws made in Mary- 
land ? 

Their charter was the first that gave 
the people the right to make their own 
laws. 

4. What can you say of the religious free- 
dom allowed in Maryland ? 

The Catholics of this colony were 
the first in America to allow religious 
liberty to all Christians. 



LESSON XLVI. 

Southern States— Continued. 

1. By whom was Virginia settled? 

By the English in 1607, on the James 
River. 



WESTERN STATES. 



43 



2. What can you say of the productions of 
Maryland and Virginia ? 

They are tobacco-growing states. 

3. What of N. and S. Carolina? 

The)^ are rice-growing states. On 
the islands along the coast of S. Caro- 
lina a superior kind of cotton, called 
sea-island Cotton, is raised. 

4. What can you say of Ala., Miss., La. ? 

They produce great quantities of 
cotton and Indian corn. 



LESSON XLVII. 

Western States. 

1. Who first explored and settled the west- 
ern and south-western states ? 

The Jesuits and other Catholic mis- 
sionaries from France. 

2. What was the object of their explora- 
tions ? 

To convert the natives to Catho- 
licity. 

3. Were they successful in their efforts ? 

They were ; all things considered. 
In 1833 there was one million of Cath- 
olic Indians in the United States and 
Canada. 



4. When did the French surrender their 
possessions in America to the English ? 

At the close of the French and In- 
dian War, in Feb., 1763. 

5. Who settled Kentucky? 

Daniel Boone, who lived there a long 
time alone with his dogs. 



LESSON XLVIII. 
Western States — Continued. 

1. What can you say of the great lakes on 
the North ? 

They contain about half the fresh 
water in the world. 

2. What is the principal occupation of the 
people in the Western States ? 

Farming. 

3. What are the productions ? 



Wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, fruits, 



etc. 



4. What can you say of Ohio ? 

It is the most populous of the west- 
ern states, and cattle, hogs, horses 
and sheep are raised in great abun- 
dance. 




KM..U a stmiw.. .v.r. 



WESTERN STATES. 



45 




OHIO RIVER STEAMERS. 



LESSON XLIX. 
Western States. 

Genera] Questions.— What lake and state 
north of Indiana? L. Mn. and Mn. — What 
state east of Indiana ? Oo.— South ? Ky. — 
W T est ? Is. — What three states north of Ken- 
tucky? Oo., la., Is. — What two states east of 
Kentucky? Va. and W. Va.— South ? Te.— 
West ? Is. and Mi. — What state north of Iowa? 
Ma. — East? Wn. and Is. — South? Mi.— 
West? Na. — What states east of the Missis- 
sippi River? Wn., Is., Ky., Te., and Mi. — 
West? As., Mi., la., and Ma.— What city in 
the south-western part of Ohio ? Ci. — What 
city in the north-eastern part of Illinois on 
Lake Michigan ? Co. 



LESSON L. 

Bodies of Water, etc. — What large lakes 
between these states and British America ? 
Sr., Hn„ Ee., Oo.* — What lake between Michi- 
gan and Wisconsin? Mn. — What large rivers 
flow south-west into the Mississippi ? Wn., 
Is., and Oo. — What river flows south-east 
through la. and empties into the Mississippi ? 
Ds., Ms. — What large river flows south-east 
through Missouri and empties into the Mis- 
sissippi? Mi. — What river separates Ohio, 
Indiana, and Illinois from Kentucky and 
West Virginia? Oo. — What river and moun- 
tains separate Kentucky from West Virginia? 
Big Sandy River and Cumberland Moun- 
tains. 

* Ontario. 




Russell £ Struthers, N.Y. 



TERRITORIES AND ADJACENT STATES. 



47 




THE GOLDEN GATE. 



LESSON LI. 

Territories and Adjacent States. 

General Questions.— What two states bor- 
der on the Pacific Ocean ? On. and Ca. — 
What territory ? Wn. — What territory north 
of Wyoming ? Ma. — What state and terri- 
tory east of Wyoming ? Na. and Da. — What 
state and territory south ? Co. and Uh. — 
What three territories west of Wyoming ? 
Uh., Io., Ma. — What state south and west 
of Nevada? Ca. — What state and territory 
north of Nevada? On. and Io. — What two 
territories east of Nevada ? Uh. and Aa. — 
What territory east of Arizona? Nw. Mo. 



LESSON LII. 

General Questions, etc. — What country 
north of these states and territories? Bh. 
Aa. — What country south ? Mo. — What ocean 
west ? P. On. — What two ranges of moun- 
tains in California? Sa. Na. and Ct. Re. — 
What great range east of these ranges ? Ry. 
Ms. — What river in California? So. — What 
river between Washington and Oregon ? Ca. 
— Into what does it empty? Pc. On. — What 
river separates the Indian Territory from 
Texas ? Rd.— What lake in Utah ? Gt. St.— 
What river between Texas and Mexico ? Ro. 
Ge. — Between Texas and Louisiana? Se. — 



48 



TERRITORIES AND ADJACENT STATES. 



LESSON LIU. 

Territories and Adjacent States. 

Continued. 

i. What can you say of these territories ? 

They embrace the whole Rocky 
Mountain region from British America 
to Mexico. 

2. What race principally occupy this re- 
gion ? 

The Indians. 

3. What can you say of its soil and climate? 

Comprising more than half the area 
of the United States, its soil and cli- 
mate must be various. 

4. What can you say of California ? 

It is the largest state in the Union 
except Texas. 

5. What else can you say of it? 

The soil is fertile, the climate is 
healthy and agreeable, and it is noted 
for its gold mines. It produces more 
gold and more wine than any other 
state in the Union. Its gigantic trees 
are wonders of nature ; they are ever- 
greens. Some of them are 100 feet 
around, 400 feet high, and 3000 years 
old. 

6. Are there any silver mines in this sec- 
tion ? 

In Nevada, which is between Cali- 



fornia and Utah, there are rich silver 
mines 



LESSON LIV. 

Territories and Adjacent States. 

Continued. 

1. What can you say of Texas ? 

It is the largest state in the Union ; 
the soil is fertile, the climate is warm, 
and it produces vast herds of cattle. 

2. What can you say of the National 
Park ? 

In the north-west corner of Wyo- 
ming, there are so many grand, beau- 
tiful mountains, lakes, forests, water- 
falls, geysers, rock-forms and canyons, 
that the national government has set 
apart a large tract of land to be for 
ever kept as a great " National 
Park." 

3. What can you say of the climate on 
each side of the great Rocky Mountain 
range ? 

The climate west of it is mild and 
uniform in temperature, but has great 
extremes of moisture ; on the east of 
the Rocky Mountains it is remarkably 
mild in winter, especially in the North, 
and even into British America. 



CANADA 



49 




CITY OF 

LESSON LV. 

British Possessions. 

i. Where is British America? 

In the northern part of N. America. 

2. How does it compare in size with the 
United States ? 

By including Alaska they are nearly 
of the same size ; each contains about 
3^ million square miles. 

3. How do the U. S. and British America 
compare in regard to population ? 

The United States contain about 40 
million inhabitants, and British Amer- 
ica about 4 million. 

4. To what country does British America 
belong ? 

To Great Britain. 

5. How is British America divided ? 

Into nine divisions, viz. : The North- 
west Territory, Newfoundland, and 



TORONTO. 

seven provinces united in a confed- 
eracy, called the Dominion of Canada. 

6. What is the capital of the Dominion of 
Canada ? 

Ottawa, on the Ottawa River. 

7. Name the seven provinces of the Do- 
minion of Canada with their capitals. 

PROVINCES. CAPITALS. 

Prince Edward's Island. ...Charlotte Town. 

New Brunswick Fredericton. 

Nova Scotia Halifax. 

Quebec Quebec. 

Ontario Toronto. 

British Columbia New Westminster. 

Manitoba Winnipeg. 

8. What is the capital of the North-west 
Territory ? 

It has no capital, but is included in 
the Dominion of Canada. 

9. What is the capital of Newfoundland ? 
St. Johns. 



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